Polymer chemistry is an important scinces for energy storage technologies and has a vital role in energy transition to sustainable systems worldwide. This review identify the major roles for polymers related to capacity enhancement, elemental safety, and ecological enhancement of batteries, supercapacitors, and other energy storage devices. Given their structural diversity, function variability, and cost effectiveness, polymers Have many applications such as polymer electrolytes, polymer electrolytes/additives, electrode binders, and conducting (e.g., functionalized) composites, while still addressing major concerns in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), sodium ion batteries (SIBs), or supercapacitors (e.g., energy density, cycle life, elemental safety, environmental impact). Also this review aims to highlight various applications, such as solid polymer electrolytes to enhance safety and prevent thermal run-away in LIBs; bio-derived binders for green development of electrodes in LIBs and SIBs; and conducting (e.g., functionalized) polymer composites, which enhance the specific capacitance of supercapacitors. On the other hand this study also described challenges in energy storage utilizing polymers, including scaling up, cost, and problems associated with the raw materials in polymer synthesis and the final product itself, and suggested solutions (i.e., PFAS-free and recyclable) to prevent contamination of groundwater and waterways. Ethical issues, i.e., equitable access to advanced technologies (Li, Co, etc.), were also discussed over future directions, such as AI-assisted material discovery, and biodegradable polymers for energy storage. Finally this study included the highlights prospects of exploiting polymer chemistry and sustainable practices to realize effective, green energy storage systems and the future of decarbonized energy.