Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women and a leading cause of cancer related death worldwide, and in Iraq it accounts for nearly one third of female cancer cases. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to its development. In this study, you evaluate serum levels of interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and malondialdehyde in 48 breast cancer patients aged 25 to 64 years and compare them with 47 healthy individuals of similar age. You collect samples in Kirkuk between November 2025 and February 2026. You measure IL 6 and TNF alpha using ELISA, while you determine MDA using the TBARS method, then analyze the data with Student’s t test in SPSS. The results show that IL 6 reaches 12.47 ± 3.82 pg/mL in patients compared to 4.21 ± 1.35 pg/mL in controls, and TNF alpha reaches 8.93 ± 2.47 pg/mL in patients versus 3.15 ± 1.02 pg/mL in controls, with significant differences for both markers. MDA also increases to 3.85 ± 0.94 µmol/L in patients compared to 1.42 ± 0.38 µmol/L in controls, showing a highly significant difference. When you examine age groups, you find that patients aged 45 to 64 years show the highest values for all markers, with clear statistical differences across age categories, especially for MDA. These findings indicate increased inflammation and oxidative stress in breast cancer patients, and they support the use of these markers in detection, monitoring, and risk assessment, especially in older patients.
Abdel Rahman,S Awef. (2026). Determination of Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Malondialdehyde in Breast Cancer Patients from Kirkuk. Al-Kunooze Scientific Journal, 12(3), 46-63. doi: 10.36582/ksj.2026.171294.1048
MLA
Abdel Rahman,S Awef. "Determination of Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Malondialdehyde in Breast Cancer Patients from Kirkuk", Al-Kunooze Scientific Journal, 12, 3, 2026, 46-63. doi: 10.36582/ksj.2026.171294.1048
HARVARD
Abdel Rahman S Awef. (2026). 'Determination of Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Malondialdehyde in Breast Cancer Patients from Kirkuk', Al-Kunooze Scientific Journal, 12(3), pp. 46-63. doi: 10.36582/ksj.2026.171294.1048
CHICAGO
S Awef Abdel Rahman, "Determination of Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Malondialdehyde in Breast Cancer Patients from Kirkuk," Al-Kunooze Scientific Journal, 12 3 (2026): 46-63, doi: 10.36582/ksj.2026.171294.1048
VANCOUVER
Abdel Rahman S Awef. Determination of Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Malondialdehyde in Breast Cancer Patients from Kirkuk. KSJ. 2026;12(3):46-63. doi: 10.36582/ksj.2026.171294.1048